Exploring Sonoma’s
Moon Mountain District

BY ANTONIO GALLONI | FEBRUARY 12, 2025 Nestled in the Mayacamas Mountains just east of the town of Sonoma, the Moon Mountain District is one of the most exciting emerging appellations in California. These hillside vineyards offer an intriguing mix of the old and the new, a melting pot of historic vineyards, established players and a generation of younger winemakers who are bringing their energy and enthusiasm to these sites.

I have long been fascinated by the wines from this stretch
of land. The first Moon Mountain wine I remember tasting was a Cabernet
Sauvignon from Ed Sbragia about 15 years ago. It was so distinctive and so
incredibly different from the Napa Valley Cabernets I tasted on that trip.
Sbragia spoke about a vineyard called Monte Rosso that was on the other side of
Mt. Veeder. I had a vague notion of where that was but not a clear idea. That
was my first real introduction to Sonoma Cabernet Sauvignon. I was immediately
hooked. 

Later, I had the opportunity to taste many Martini wines
from the 1950s and 1960s that told the story of a remarkable place. First planted
in 1882, Monte Rosso is one of the most iconic vineyards in the United States. Nearby
Moon Mountain Vineyard, established around the same time, is another example of
the rich legacy that lies within these rugged hills. Eventually that interest
led to a map of the AVA that we created with Alessandro Masnaghetti as part of
a full set of Sonoma Valley maps we published in 2021. Portions of this text
are taken from that map.

Covering Moon Mountain presents some logistical challenges.
This article covers estates that are physically in Moon Mountain. Many other
estates in Napa and Sonoma source fruit from sites in the appellation.
Additionally, many producers use the broader Sonoma Valley and/or Sonoma County
AVAs for wines made from Moon Mountain fruit. This makes it difficult for
consumers, sommeliers and the wine trade to understand the true breadth of Moon
Mountain wines and could also be perceived by the market as a lack of confidence
in the AVA. Examples include some pretty big names, such as Bedrock, Kistler,
Turley and, most surprisingly of all, Louis M. Martini, part of the Gallo
family’s holdings that also include Monte Rosso.

That’s a shame, because the whole idea of site-driven wines
is specificity. Sonoma Valley is a vast AVA that also includes Bennett Valley,
Sonoma Mountain, the Central Corridor and a part of Carneros, none of which
have anything in common with Moon Mountain, with the sole exception of sites
along Highway 12 that form the Central Corridor. The parallel would be making a
wine from Vosne-Romanée fruit and opting to label that wine Côte de Nuits or
even Côte-d’Or. In my view, this is a missed opportunity to elevate the
visibility of one of California’s great terroirs.<img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/images.vinous.com/uploads%2F1739372696369-Vinous_Monte+Rosso+Zinfandel.jpg">Head-trained Zinfandel at Monte Rosso planted in the
1880s. 

Moon Mountain District AVA – An Overview

Established in 2013, the Moon Mountain District is one of
the more recent California AVAs, even though a few estates boast track records
that go back much further than that. The Moon Mountain District essentially
lies on the western side of the Mayacamas Mountains, bordering the Mt. Veeder
AVA on the adjacent, eastern side of the Mayacamas Mountains in Napa Valley. The
Moon Mountain District AVA covers 17,663 total acres and more than 1,500 acres
of vineyards, many of them scattered across an expanse of land that is quite
vast considering the relatively small amount of vineyard acreage. Starting with
vineyards at 400 feet in elevation moving east from Sonoma Highway on the
valley floor, the AVA reaches approximately 2,600 feet at the ridgeline
separating Sonoma and Napa counties, along the border with Mt. Veeder.

The differences between Moon Mountain and Mt. Veeder are
fascinating to contemplate, as the two regions occupy opposite faces of the
same mountain range. The Moon Mountain side is warmer and more exposed, while
Mt. Veeder sees more rain and is characterized by distinctly verdant landscapes
and steeper hillsides. Crossing into Moon Mountain from neighboring Mt. Veeder,
the change from lush greens to more rugged, chaparral-based vegetation is
immediately evident. 

In some places, especially in its center tenderloin of
vineyards (Monte Rosso, Wildwood), Moon Mountain is reminiscent of the eastern hills
of Oakville in its altitude, soils and generally western exposure—specifically
the stretch of land that encompasses Dalla Valle, Peter Michael and Oakville
Ranch. But Moon Mountain is one large ridge further west and is therefore
cooler because of its greater proximity to the Pacific Ocean. In its upper
elevations, Moon Mountain resembles Howell Mountain and parts of Pritchard
Hill, where vineyards also reach 2,000-foot elevations. These sites, like those
on Howell Mountain and Pritchard Hill, are deeply influenced by the fog
inversion layer at 1,200 to 1,500 feet. The inversion later, or thermal
gradient in more technical terms, is created by cooling late afternoon and evening
temperatures that cause colder air to drop down into the valley, turning water vapor
at lower elevations into fog through condensation. Above the inversion layer,
temperatures are higher, and therefore above the dew point that creates valley
fog. The following day, warming temperatures cause fog to turn to vapor and dissipate.
This creates several interesting phenomena in sites above the inversion layer,
including condensed growing seasons marked by late budbreak, warm nights and
diurnal shifts that are relatively compact. In other words, temperatures at
higher elevations above the fog line are often warmer than they are on the
valley floor below where the fog settles.<img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/images.vinous.com/uploads%2F1739373823490-Vinous_Moon+Mountain+AVA.jpg">The Vinous Map of the Vineyards of the Moon Mountain
District AVA by Antonio Galloni and Alessandro Masnaghetti. This map is part of
a six-map Sonoma Valley set that includes Bennett Valley, Sonoma Mountain, Los
Carneros (Sonoma) and the Central Corridor. © Vinous, 2025. 

A Brief History

Much of this terrain dates to the original land grants given
by Mexico to California’s early settlers. The first privately owned vineyard
was planted in 1832 at what today is Bartholomew. Hungarian Count Agoston Haraszthy
purchased this land in 1857 and built Buena Vista Winery, widely considered to
be California’s first premium winery. In 1879, John Drummond planted his first
vines using cuttings from France in vineyards that would later become part of
Wildwood. The ruins of Drummond’s original Dunfillan Winery are still standing
and remain a poignant reminder of California’s early days. Emmanuel Goldstein and
Benjamin Dreyfus planted their Mount Pisgah (later Monte Rosso) estate in 1882.


A period of significant challenges followed. Phylloxera took
a considerable toll on many vineyards in the late 1880s and 1890s. Prohibition,
which was in effect from 1920 to 1933, caused most estates to cease production
entirely, but a few were able to survive by farming grapes for sacramental wines.
There was not much activity during World War II, for obvious reasons. It was
not until the late 1960s and 1970s that interest in farming grapes for wine
began to pick up.

The term “Moon Mountain” in reference to a specific place
was only formally adopted in 2007, but cultural references to the name go back
to at least the early 1900s. Jack London’s 1913 novel, “Valley of the Moon,” a
literal translation of the word Sonoma, is taken from the language
spoken by Indigenous Pomo, Wappo and Miwok tribes. London was one of the most
influential American authors of the late 1890s and early 1900s and an important
figure in the early history of Sonoma, as we will explore in several maps
within this collection. Moon Mountain Road (previously Goldstein Road), which
runs through Monte Rosso, was once an important thoroughfare at a time when
options for travel were quite limited. More recently, fire events in 1996 and
2017 have changed some of the natural landscape.

Geology &amp; Soils

Moon Mountain is a collection of distinct microclimates that
are heavily influenced by a combination of soils, altitude, exposure to sun, and
winds coming in from the San Pablo Bay. As mentioned above, the western exposures,
terrain and vegetation are at times quite similar to those found on the eastern
side of Napa Valley in places such as Oakville, except that the Sonoma side is
naturally more heavily influenced by its closer proximity to the ocean and the
cooling effect of wind coming off the water.

Subsoils are Sonoma volcanic, a formation that was created
approximately 2.5 to 5 million years ago during the Pliocene era when the
Pacific Plate picked up the North American plate, generating a series of
eruptions and landslides over many centuries. The resulting mosaic of topsoils
is quite complex and is predominantly composed of red, iron-rich soils, whiter
ash deposits of alluvial origins, and a range of loamier terrains. Soils are
heavier on the lower slopes, because of erosion over long periods of time, and are
more varied moving into the higher elevations.

No discussion of Moon Mountain soils and vineyards is
complete without a mention of the profound impact viticulturalist Phil Coturri
has had on the region. Coturri was an early champion of biodynamic and
sustainable farming practices decades before they gained mainstream approval.
His work in many of the region’s top sites has profoundly influenced the
methods with which soils are worked, and consequently, the potential results
for the wines that are made here.

Surveying the Viticultural Landscape

Like many parts of California, the viticultural landscape
here was once quite varied. Bordeaux red varieties comprise most of the planted
acreage today, although in earlier times white grapes played a more prominent role,
as can be seen in the 1976/2021 comparison of Monte Rosso shown below. Among
red grapes, Cabernet Sauvignon and Zinfandel represent the lion’s share of plantings.
One of the more recent developments is a greater focus on Cabernet Franc, which
is yielding interesting results. Pinot Noir is less commonly found, Hanzell
being a notable exception, while Rhône varieties play a minor but increasingly
interesting role. 

Moon Mountain Chardonnays have long been distinctive.
Kistler, Mid-Slope (formerly Chuy) and Hanzell are among the sites with a long
track record of producing incredibly unique Chardonnays. Sauvignon Blanc and
Sémillon can also be quite interesting. Sadly, there is not much left in the
way of old-vine white grapes, except for one or two historic plantings.<img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/images.vinous.com/uploads%2F1739376811905-Vinous_Monterosso+block+recolor.jpg">This comparison of varietal breakdown at Monte Rosso from
1976 and 2021 shows a move over time towards Cabernet
Sauvignon and Zinfandel and the near extinction of white grapes.&nbsp;Excerpt taken from&nbsp;The Vinous Map of the Vineyards of the Moon Mountain District AVA by Antonio Galloni and Alessandro Masnaghetti. © Vinous, 2025. 

Wines &amp; Vintages

Moon Mountain wines run the gamut stylistically.&nbsp; Those made by younger producers tend to
emphasize greater focus and energy than those made by older estates. That’s not
too dissimilar from Napa Valley, but here concentration and heavy extraction
are the norm at quite a few wineries, especially those based within the
appellation. Some estates, not necessarily covered in this report, make potent,
super-opulent wines. Perhaps producers feel they need to make a statement, that
they need to make showy wines. But they don’t. The land speaks for itself, when
allowed. I think there is a real opportunity for the wines to be a bit more
contemporary and more closely aligned with a region whose history goes back to
the 1800s. I would not say that of newer viticultural regions like Paso Robles
or the Santa Lucia Highlands, where there are no multi-generational historical
precedents. But in Moon Mountain, a more site-driven style would almost
certainly bring these estates and wines greater prominence, especially on the
global stage.

Recent vintages in Moon Mountain largely track those in
nearby Napa Valley. The 2023 whites are bright and nervy, very much in the
style of this cool, late-ripening year. Two thousand twenty-two was especially
challenging here.&nbsp;Sugars soared to unprecedented levels, which required considerable adjustments in the cellar. Even so, many wines show the strong imprint of a growing season marked
by intense heat and drought.&nbsp;The degree to which this is accentuated by some
producers’ preference to pick late is hard to say with precision. What is
obvious is that the 2022 reds are very ripe, with angular contours that are a
telltale sign of stress in ripening. Some wines were not bottled at all. &nbsp;Two
thousand twenty-one, on the other hand, is very strong across the board.Other Notable Moon Mountain Wines

Bedrock – Cabernet Sauvignon Montecillo, Zinfandel Monte Rosso

Beta – Cabernet Sauvignon Montecillo Vineyard

Di Costanzo – Sauvignon Montecillo Vineyard

Kistler – Chardonnay Kistler Vineyard, Chardonnay Kistler Vineyard
Cuvée Cathleen

Louis M. Martini – Cabernet Sauvignon Monte Rosso Vineyard, Gnarly
Vine Zinfandel Monte Rosso Vineyard

Limerick Lane – Zinfandel Monte Rosso Vineyard

Newfound – Mourvèdre, Grenache, Syrah Maus Vineyard

Reeve – Sangiovese Monte Rosso Vineyard

Turley – Cabernet Sauvignon Montecillo Vineyard, Zinfandel Fredericks Vineyard,
Zinfandel Monte Rosso Vineyard © 2025, Vinous. No portion of this article may be copied, shared or redistributed without prior consent from Vinous. Doing so is not only a violation of our copyright, but also threatens the survival of independent wine criticism.<hr> You Might Also Enjoy<a target="_blank" href="https://vinous.com/articles/sonoma-and-neighbors-2022-2023-opposites-attract-jan-2025">Sonoma and Neighbors 2022 &amp; 2023: Opposites Attract</a>, Antonio Galloni, January 2025 <a target="_blank" href="https://vinous.com/articles/2022-sonoma-preview-a-first-look-jan-2024">2022 Sonoma: A First Look</a>, Antonio Galloni, January 2024<a target="_blank" href="https://vinous.com/articles/sonoma-s-sensational-2021s-aug-2023">Sonoma’s Sensational 2021s</a>, Antonio Galloni, August 2023 <a target="_blank" href="https://vinous.com/articles/california-north-coast-eyes-wide-open-jan-2022">California North Coast: Eyes Wide Open</a>, Antonio Galloni, January 2022 <div><a target="_blank" href="https://vinous.com/articles/sonoma-preview-2021-edition-jan-2021">Sonoma: 2021 New Releases</a>, Antonio Galloni, January 2021</div>

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